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Current status and developing trends of the contents of heavy metals in sewage sludges in China

Jun YANG,Mei LEI,Tongbin CHEN,Ding GAO,Guodi ZHENG,Guanghui GUO,Duujong LEE

Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering 2014, Volume 8, Issue 5,   Pages 719-728 doi: 10.1007/s11783-013-0600-6

Abstract: It is essential to determine the heavy metal concentrations in sewage sludge to select appropriate disposal methods. We conducted a national survey of heavy metal concentrations of sewage sludge samples from 107 municipal sewage treatment plants located in 48 cities covering the 31 provinces and autonomous regions, as well as Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan by Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps in 2006, and identified the temporal trends of heavy metal contents in sewage sludge by comparison with surveys conducted in 1994–2001. In 2006, the average concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in sewage sludge were 20.2, 1.97, 93.1, 218.8, 2.13, 48.7, 72.3, and 1058 mg·kg , respectively. Because of the decreased discharge of heavy metals into industrial wastewater in China and the increasingly stringent regulations governing the content of industrial wastes entering sewers, the average concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and Zn have decreased by 32.3%, 49.7%, 54.9%, 25.0%, 37.2%, 44.8%, and 27.0%, respectively, during the past 12 years. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn in the samples exceeded the heavy metal limits of the Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant in China (GB 18918-2002) by 6.5%, 3.7%, 6.5%, 6.5%, and 11.2%, respectively. From these results, 85 of the 107 municipal sludges analyzed would be considered suitable for land application.

Keywords： sewage sludge     heavy metals     temporal variation     national survey     environmental policies    

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The Status and Problems in Developing Private Use Car for China

Guo Konghui

Strategic Study of CAE 2000, Volume 2, Issue 8,   Pages 25-30

Abstract:

Should China develop its private use car? What kind of passenger car should China develop? Should China develop its own passenger car industry? What is the way out for China´s passenger car industry? And how to develop Chinese passenger car industry? These questions are intensively concerned by more and more people, and lead to much discussion recently. In this paper, the author intends to give an analysis on some representative viewpoints that proposed recently, and also his own opinions. It is convinced that the way to solve the“auto disaster”problems is not to put more restrains on the use of private car, but to promote the applications of high-tech to automobiles, mean-while to strengthen city planning and traffic management.

The author confirms that the“technology import and joint venture”has had a positive impact on the progress of the manufacturing technology and management efficiency of Chinese auto industry, however there is also a negative effect on the self-development ability. It is proposed that the general strategy for Chinese auto industry will be“Self-Strengthening + International cooperation”which consists of the following strategies： high-tech strategy, twin-win with self-reliance strategy, internal union for self-strengthen strategy, self-own production right strategy, leap over development strategy.

Keywords： Chinese auto industry     private use car     family use car     state and problems    

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Research Progress in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

Ren Xueyou

Strategic Study of CAE 2005, Volume 7, Issue 1,   Pages 86-94

Abstract:

The developing status and research progress of PEMFC at home and abroad were outlined in the paper

Keywords： FC     PEM     bipolar board     membrane electrode     electrocatalyst     developing status    

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Creation and integration mechanism of instrumentation flexible developing system

Xiaoli XU, Qiushuang LIU

Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering 2011, Volume 6, Issue 2,   Pages 235-240 doi: 10.1007/s11465-011-0122-5

Abstract: development (R&D) of modern instrumentation products, based on the concept of an instrumentation flexible developingBased on the operation mechanism of the modern instrumentation developing system and the research and

Keywords： modern instrumentation developing     flexible interconnection     flexible integration mechanism     rapid integration    

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Energy Development Status and Developing Focus of Varied Regions in China

Gao Dan,Kong Geng,Ma Linwei,Yan Xiaohui,Zhang Heng

Strategic Study of CAE 2021, Volume 23, Issue 1,   Pages 7-14 doi: 10.15302/J-SSCAE-2021.01.002

Abstract:

China has a vast territory, so the energy resource endowments of different regions in the country are significantly varied. Promoting regional energy revolution based on local conditions is an effective way to break the bottlenecks that restrict China’s energy development. This study analyzes the current situation of energy development from the aspects of energy production, consumption, and distribution, and investigates the differences regarding energy consumption intensity and the driving force for energy consumption growth in the core regions (i.e., the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, old industrial bases, the Central China, energy-rich areas, and Southwest China). The medium- and long-term energy development trends and strategic focuses of these regions by 2035 are analyzed. Specifically, the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region should focus on the coordinated development of energy, economy, and environment; an energy system with regional linkage should be formed and optimized in the Yangtze River Delta; the Pearl River Delta can strive to build itself as a clean energy production, storage, and transportation base; economic transformation should be promoted in the old industrial bases through value increment and diversification of energy resources; Central China should establish itself as an integrated energy hub; the energy-rich areas should build itself as a green and sustainable energy security base; and clean energy consumption should be encouraged in Southwest China. To coordinate energy development in various regions, China should fully consider the significant differences in local conditions, promote social development and ecologicalprotection with the regional energy revolution, and encourage regional cooperation in energy.

Keywords： regional energy development     energy intensity     energy transition     logarithmic mean divisia index (LMDI)    

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Advances in newly developing therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus infection

Paul J. Pockros

Frontiers of Medicine 2014, Volume 8, Issue 2,   Pages 166-174 doi: 10.1007/s11684-014-0334-2

Abstract:

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection afflicts a reported 170 million people worldwide and is often complicated by cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Morbidity and mortality are decreased with the successful treatment of chronic HCV infection. Increased understanding of the HCV has allowed further development of new direct-acting antiviral (DAA) agents against the HCV and has also allowed the development of IFN-free oral treatment regimens. In late 2013 the first nucleotide polymerase inhibitor regimen with RBV alone for genotypes 2/3 and in combination with a 12-week regimen of PEG-IFN+RBV for genotypes 1, 4 was approved for use in the US. A number of promising new DAA regimens which are IFN-free are in phase 3 development and the first will likely be approved for use in the US in 2014. The currently approved regimens are discussed in detail and currently available data on future regimens are reviewed herein.

Keywords： direct-acting antiviral (DAA)     nucleotide polymerase inhibitors     protease inhibitors    

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Barriers and countermeasures in developing traditional Chinese medicine in Europe

Yunfang Liu,Zhiping Yang,Jing Cheng,Daiming Fan

Frontiers of Medicine 2016, Volume 10, Issue 3,   Pages 360-376 doi: 10.1007/s11684-016-0455-x

Abstract:

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is one of the unique cultural treasures of Chinese; it represents a significant feature and prominent advantage of the healthcare cause in China. Data in this paper were from World Health Organization, Chinese Bureau of Statistics, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and PubMed. In recent years, TCM has established a solid foundation in Europe, which made great strides in legislation, education, research, and international exchange, and has enjoyed a vast development space in the continent. Now, TCM is embracing unprecedented development opportunities in Europe. At the same time, the stiff international competition poses a grave threat to China’s TCM industry. With multiple cultural, legal, and institutional challenges, as well as talent shortages in the way, TCM is now facing many difficulties in Europe. To fully prepare and enact active and vigorous steps to seize opportunities, we should have a clear picture about the serious challenges hampering TCM development in Europe. The TCM development at overseas markets has shifted from a spontaneous trade activity into a national strategy spearheaded by the government and participated in by multiple stakeholders. We should make a systematic, comprehensive, and sustainable push in fields such as TCM therapy, healthcare, education, research, culture, and industry development. The ultimate goal is to bring TCMs to the global market and allow them to play a role in safeguarding public health along with modern medicines.

Keywords： traditional Chinese medicine     Europe     development    

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Thermally developing forced convection and the corresponding thermal stresses in a porous plate channel

YANG Xiao, LIU Xuemei

Frontiers of Mechanical Engineering 2007, Volume 2, Issue 1,   Pages 57-61 doi: 10.1007/s11465-007-0009-7

Abstract: skeleton and pore fluid flow and thermal conduction in the direction of the fluid flow, the thermally developing

Keywords： semi-infinite saturated     direction     interaction     skeleton     thermal equilibrium    

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of transportation energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions for the Philippines: the case of developing

Neil Stephen LOPEZ, Anthony S.F. CHIU, Jose Bienvenido Manuel BIONA

Frontiers in Energy 2018, Volume 12, Issue 3,   Pages 389-399 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0578-7

Abstract: However, the detail of information required to perform such studies for the transportation sector in developingstudy to formulate a decomposition analysis framework considering data availability and limitation in developingDeriving from the findings, developing a comprehensive public transport plan is recommend for future

Keywords： transportation     LMDI     decomposition     developing country     emissions    

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Lessons learned from developing and implementing refinery production scheduling technologies

Marcel JOLY, Mario Y. MIYAKE

Frontiers of Engineering Management 2017, Volume 4, Issue 3,   Pages 325-337 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2017033

Abstract: pioneering, yet daring, enterprise-wide programs entirely implemented in an energy company devoted to developingeducation inside the organization, reinspecting organizational cultures and operational paradigms, and developing

Keywords： automation     decision making     oil refinery     optimization     production scheduling    

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Spatiotemporal expression of Ezh2 in the developing mouse cochlear sensory epithelium

Yan Chen,Wenyan Li,Wen Li,Renjie Chai,Huawei Li

Frontiers of Medicine 2016, Volume 10, Issue 3,   Pages 330-335 doi: 10.1007/s11684-016-0459-6

Abstract:

The enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit (Ezh2) is a histone-lysine N-methyltransferase enzyme that participates in DNA methylation. Ezh2 has also been reported to play crucial roles in stem cell proliferation and differentiation. However, the detailed expression profile of Ezh2 during mouse cochlear development has not been investigated. Here, we examined the spatiotemporal expression of Ezh2 in the cochlea during embryonic and postnatal development. Ezh2 expression began to be observed in the whole otocyst nuclei at embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5). At E12.5, Ezh2 was expressed in the nuclei of the cochlear prosensory epithelium. At E13.5 and E15.5, Ezh2 was expressed from the apical to the basal turns in the nuclei of the differentiating cochlear epithelium. At postnatal day (P) 0 and 7, the Ezh2 expression was located in the nuclei of the cochlear epithelium in all three turns and could be clearly seen in outer and inner hair cells, supporting cells, the stria vascularis, and spiral ganglion cells. Ezh2 continued to be expressed in the cochlear epithelium of adult mice. Our results provide the basic Ezh2 expression pattern and might be useful for further investigating the detailed role of Ezh2 during cochlear development.

Keywords： polycomb repressive complex     Ezh2     expression     inner ear     cochlea     development    

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Progress in developing an innovative lean burn catalytic turbine technology for fugitive methane mitigation

Shi SU, Xinxiang YU

Frontiers in Energy 2011, Volume 5, Issue 2,   Pages 229-235 doi: 10.1007/s11708-011-0147-9

Abstract: This paper overviews existing and developing technologies for the mitigation and utilization of the fugitivemine methane, and then presents research progress in developing an innovative lean burn catalytic turbine

Keywords： coal mine methane     mitigation and utilization     lean burn gas turbine     catalytic combustion    

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Current status and prospects of reliability systems engineering in China

Frontiers of Engineering Management 2021, Volume 8, Issue 4,   Pages 492-502 doi: 10.1007/s42524-021-0172-2

Abstract: This study provides a systematic overview of the advent and evolution of reliability systems engineering (RSE) in China, and the latest RSE development, that is, model-based RSE (MBRSE), is emphatically introduced. The establishment of the system architecture and conceptual models of MBRSE is first described. The fundamental theory and methodology of MBRSE are then elaborated, with a V-model as the core of this approach. The development of various MBRSE platforms and the effectiveness of their implementation over the past 30 years are presented. The prospective trends in the development of RSE in China are outlined.

Keywords： reliability     effectiveness     model-based systems engineering     reliability systems engineering    

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Abating transport GHG emissions by hydrogen fuel cell vehicles: Chances for the developing world

Han HAO, Zhexuan MU, Zongwei LIU, Fuquan ZHAO

Frontiers in Energy 2018, Volume 12, Issue 3,   Pages 466-480 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0561-3

Abstract: as the most promising clean vehicle technology for the future, represent the major chances for the developingIt is recommended that although fuel cell vehicles are promising for the developing world in reducing

Keywords： hydrogen     fuel cell vehicle     life cycle assessment     energy consumption     greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions     China    

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Present status and progress of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer

Jing Liu, Jinbo Yue, Ligang Xing, Jinming Yu

Frontiers of Medicine 2013, Volume 7, Issue 2,   Pages 172-179 doi: 10.1007/s11684-013-0268-0

Abstract:

Trimodality based on neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) followed by surgery is gaining popularity as a treatment strategy for locally advanced esophageal cancer. In this review, we summarize the role of nCRT and the recommended nCRT regimens based on clinical trials and meta-analyses. We analyze the relationship of nCRT with pathologic complete response (pCR) and then identify potential predictive markers of response. Compared with surgery alone and neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery, trimodality provides longer survival and has the advantage of local control compared with definitive chemoradiotherapy. The standard regimen is a platinum-based regimen with a radiation dose range of 41.4–50.4βGy by conventional fractionation. Evidence shows that patients with pCR tend to live longer than non-responders, indicating that pCR is a significant prognostic factor for patients with esophageal cancer. Individualized medicine requires predictive markers of individual patients based on their own genes. Currently, no definite marker is proved to be sufficiently sensitive and specific for use in clinical practice, although 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography shows promise in predicting response to nCRT.

Keywords： esophageal cancer     neoadjuvant     chemoradiotherapy    

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Title Author Date Type Operation

Current status and developing trends of the contents of heavy metals in sewage sludges in China

Jun YANG,Mei LEI,Tongbin CHEN,Ding GAO,Guodi ZHENG,Guanghui GUO,Duujong LEE

Journal Article

The Status and Problems in Developing Private Use Car for China

Guo Konghui

Journal Article

Research Progress in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell

Ren Xueyou

Journal Article

Creation and integration mechanism of instrumentation flexible developing system

Xiaoli XU, Qiushuang LIU

Journal Article

Energy Development Status and Developing Focus of Varied Regions in China

Gao Dan,Kong Geng,Ma Linwei,Yan Xiaohui,Zhang Heng

Journal Article

Advances in newly developing therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus infection

Paul J. Pockros

Journal Article

Barriers and countermeasures in developing traditional Chinese medicine in Europe

Yunfang Liu,Zhiping Yang,Jing Cheng,Daiming Fan

Journal Article

Thermally developing forced convection and the corresponding thermal stresses in a porous plate channel

YANG Xiao, LIU Xuemei

Journal Article

of transportation energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions for the Philippines: the case of developing

Neil Stephen LOPEZ, Anthony S.F. CHIU, Jose Bienvenido Manuel BIONA

Journal Article

Lessons learned from developing and implementing refinery production scheduling technologies

Marcel JOLY, Mario Y. MIYAKE

Journal Article

Spatiotemporal expression of Ezh2 in the developing mouse cochlear sensory epithelium

Yan Chen,Wenyan Li,Wen Li,Renjie Chai,Huawei Li

Journal Article

Progress in developing an innovative lean burn catalytic turbine technology for fugitive methane mitigation

Shi SU, Xinxiang YU

Journal Article

Current status and prospects of reliability systems engineering in China

Journal Article

Abating transport GHG emissions by hydrogen fuel cell vehicles: Chances for the developing world

Han HAO, Zhexuan MU, Zongwei LIU, Fuquan ZHAO

Journal Article

Present status and progress of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy for esophageal cancer

Jing Liu, Jinbo Yue, Ligang Xing, Jinming Yu

Journal Article